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On a bright morning in late January, Amanda Wilhelm stood inside an observation tower nestled among Joshua trees at the Tehachapi Wind Resource Area, monitoring the movements of a California Condor. She wasn’t peering outside at the hundreds of brilliant white turbines, but down at a string of letters and numbers on a monitor. To the uninitiated, the code—SB#=237 . . . Ant 1-North SS=77—looks like gibberish. For Wilhelm, field operations manager for Alta Environmental Services, those numbers were clues. No. 237 is an endangered condor, one of 80 that inhabit this pocket of Southern California. At 2:48 p.m. the previous day the north antenna picked up its radio transmitter signal. “The signal strength is 77, which means it wasn’t very close,” she said.

The modest beige tower is the nerve center of a high-tech system developed to prevent No. 237 or any other condor from colliding with one of those many turbines. In 2010, as plans were being hatched for the Alta project here, condors presented a problem. Since the species nearly went extinct three decades ago, a captive-breeding program has rebuilt the wild population to 290 birds in the United States and Mexico. As the Southern Californian flock has grown, its range has expanded northeast from the coastal mountains to the Tehachapis and the Southern Sierra Nevada, putting the birds ever closer to wind farms that have sprouted here since the 1980s. While to recovery, the possibility of condors colliding with turbines concerns the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

“We sat down and asked, ‘How in the world are we going to address the event of a condor perhaps flying through a wind farm?’ ” said Kevin Martin, who runs Alta Environmental Services, which operates the bird-monitoring system here. He realized the situation was unique: USFWS has outfitted most free-flying condors with a radio transmitter, GPS transmitter, or both. “Since they're so closely monitored,”  Martin said, “it gave us an opportunity to use that system, and sort of turn it on its head.”  

The system Martin devised is based on two principles: Know if a bird is coming, and make sure blades aren't spinning when it arrives. Two 50-foot antenna towers continuously scan for the birds' radio frequencies, and one member of a three-person team drives around with a handheld antenna; when an approaching bird pings in, she triangulates the signal, pinpointing its location. An additional security layer, an invisible Google Earth—enabled “geofence” around the farm's perimeter, texts the team if any GPS-tagged condors cross over.

If a bird comes within two miles of a turbine, an employee in the tower figures out which company owns the unit in question and calls the operator to recommend a “curtailment,” or temporary shutdown, until the coast is clear. So far, the system is working. Depending on the season, there may be a couple curtailments a week. And while there have been hairy moments, like when dozens of condors descended on the area in 2016, no birds have been harmed.

As Martin pointed out, the condor situation is unique: one small flock of birds, the vast majority conveniently sporting transmitters. But the condor-detection system is just one of a being developed and tested at government labs, universities, and tech companies across the country that aim to make wind energy safer for birds.

For two decades, the industry's threat to birds has been at the center of a highly politicized debate. Critics point to turbines killing of birds annually—mostly songbirds, but also larger species, notably Golden Eagles. The wind industry responds that those mortalities pale in comparison to . Yet neither viewpoint captures the full picture, because the debate is complicated by a looming factor: If climate change continues apace, hundreds of North American bird species' ranges will shrink by at least half by 2100, according to . "Climate change is the biggest impact on birds," says Garry George, director of ̽����ѡ California's renewable energy program. The rapid deployment of clean energy will be crucial to avoiding that fate. And if wind is part of the mix—as it must be—high-tech safeguards will help ensure birds fly into that future unharmed.

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he wind-bird conundrum dates back to the 1990s, when conservationists were reeling from the revelation that hundreds of Golden Eagles, as well as Burrowing Owls and other species, were dying at California's , the site of one of the nation's first wind farms. Over the next decade, researchers amassed data on the perils turbines pose to birds and bats, and how carefully siting farms can minimize that risk. A federal advisory committee made up of representatives from wind companies, government agencies, tribes, ̽����ѡ, and other conservation groups was tasked with codifying that knowledge into .

The industry recognized it would need to invest more in solutions, said Abby Arnold, executive director of the American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI), a partnership between wind companies and green groups, including ̽����ѡ, that's a hub of siting and technology research. Because of climate change, the wind industry and environmentalists have a shared interest, said David O'Neill, ̽����ѡ's chief conservation officer. "That dynamic allows us to have conversations with the industry so we're part of the solution to help them succeed, and they're part of the solution to help us reduce bird deaths."

For industry, finding solutions makes both legal and economic sense. Under the (MBTA), as well as the and the , harming birds, even unintentionally, is typically a crime. (The Trump administration and Congress .) That means a protected species could halt a wind project, even after millions of dollars have been invested.

For projects built on private land, as most are, there's little USFWS can do to force a company to take wildlife into account during development. But it can offer certain incentives. In 2012 the agency finalized guidelines developed with the federal advisory committee that lay out a step-by-step process for quantifying and mitigating wildlife threats at a proposed site. The guidelines are voluntary, but USFWS has discretion in referring cases for prosecution under the MBTA; in the event of casualties, a company that made a good-faith effort to might be treated more favorably than one that blew right past them.

When the guidelines were published, the government had never prosecuted a wind company under the MBTA, whereas it had issued more than 400 MBTA violations to oil and gas companies in the previous two decades. Then in 2013 Duke Energy Renewables for killing 163 protected birds, including Golden Eagles, larks, and blackbirds, at two Wyoming sites. The next year PacifiCorp Energy for avian mortalities at two of its Wyoming projects. Both companies pleaded guilty, acknowledging they'd constructed farms they knew would likely kill protected birds, were fined—Duke $1 million; PacifiCorp $2.5 million—and ordered to develop and implement mitigation plans. The Justice Department emphasized, , the importance of careful siting, noting that no known methods can make a turbine built in a high-risk spot safe.

Correct siting and design—locating a farm outside a migration corridor, for example, or turbines back from ridges where eagles concentrate—remains the gold standard. But the possibility of reducing expected bird deaths at existing farms, or of expanding the number of feasible sites, has driven several new technologies. Most rely either on the detection-and-curtailment principle, like the condor system, or on deterrents that keep birds away from turbines entirely.

The Department of Energy's (WETO) has funded the development and testing of several of these tools. Meeting the Obama administration’s ambitious goal of wind supplying 35 percent of power by 2050, up from 6 percent today, involves resolving avian conflicts: 73 percent of wind energy’s technical potential might be affected by wildlife issues, and 28 percent by Golden Eagles alone, estimated a 2016 National Renewable Energy Laboratory exploratory study.

Since 2014 WETO has invested $8 million in grants to researchers, wind companies, NGOs, and tech developers working on technological wind/wildlife solutions. “The goal is to help catalyze the development of effective, affordable solutions, and make sure there's a pipeline of technologies,” said Jocelyn Brown-Saracino, who runs WETO’s environmental research portfolio.

These innovations, said Brown-Saracino, could eventually help wind companies meet the requirements to facilitate “.” Issued under the Endangered Species Act or the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, they allow developers with USFWS-approved conservation plans to legally “take,” or harm, a predetermined number of protected birds. For companies, take permits provide legal assurance; for USFWS, they ensure a company does everything possible to minimize harm to protected species. (The Alta project is allowed to kill one condor over its estimated 30-year lifespan.) Since USFWS began accepting eagle take permit applications in 2009, it's issued just three. Companies seeking permits must take measures to mitigate projected eagle deaths, but there’s no for doing that. A new detection or deterrence system might help fill that void—if it’s confirmed to be effective.

Confidence that a technology does what developers promise also matters to potential buyers. Tom Hiester dreamed up , which uses artificial intelligence software to identify Golden Eagles, after wildlife issues forced his wind-company employer to scuttle two developments into which it’d sunk some $20 million. When Hiester showed wind company executives IdentiFlight in 2015, “they said, ‘Get independent proof that this works,’ ” he recalled.

Fittingly, Duke Energy’s Top of the World project, site of most of the deaths that led to its MBTA settlement, has become a testing ground for IdentiFlight. After eagle carcasses appeared, the company's environmental director, Tim Hayes, began looking for fixes, both low-tech, such as installing biologists in a lookout tower, and high: They tried audible deterrents, using a loud noise to try to dissuade birds from the site. They tried visual deterrents, using UV lights. They tried a detection methodology using Doppler radar, the kind that's used to track incoming missiles. Nothing high-tech impressed Hayes.

So he agreed to install four IdentiFlight beta units in 2016. He's since given Hiester feedback on the system’s function and ways to refine it to meet a wind company's practical needs, such as avoiding unnecessary turbine shutdowns. The revenue loss could be just $100 per hour per turbine, but scale that over multiple units and hours and it adds up. “We’re trying to figure out that sweet spot where we curtail enough to minimize risk to eagles, and yet not so much that the site becomes economically unviable,” said Hayes.

In 2016 AWWI organized an IdentiFlight test at Top of the World, conducted by the raptor nonprofit Peregrine Fund, to evaluate the system’s ability to detect raptors and identify eagles. The results aren’t yet public—Arnold said they’ve been submitted to a peer-reviewed journal—and further testing will begin in June. But the findings convinced Duke to purchase 24 IdentiFlight units for Top of the World in January, the first commercial order. The units will communicate directly with turbine operation systems to trigger shutdowns, eliminating the need for a human middleman, and should provide an opportunity to assess if the swath IdentiFlight covers actually sees fewer eagle deaths than that monitored by humans. In other words, whether the system actually works.

Finding a magic bullet that addresses all wildlife concerns is probably impossible. What works for eagles may work for condors and Whooping Cranes, but it’ll likely never work for, say, tiny songbirds migrating by night over open waters—the next frontier in the American wind industry. In fact, entirely new challenges abound offshore. On land, includes intensive pre-construction monitoring, which is far to do miles out at sea, where waves and reduced visibility make taking headcounts challenging. And the traditional method of gauging bird deaths—searching for carcasses —is next to impossible.

The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management has funded , some of which employ , aimed at learning more about how Piping Plovers and other high-priority species use Atlantic waters. And are exploring ways to assess mortality risks offshore, such as using to identify species that appear around a proposed site, and whether they fly at turbine blade height. These technologies can’t come online soon enough: More than two dozen are in the works—most in the Atlantic, a handful in the Pacific, and one highly controversial project in —with a combined potential capacity of . Nobody wants to see any of them be the next Altamont.

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few days after visiting the Tehachapi wind farm, I drove to Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge, 60 miles west, hoping to glimpse the birds the condor-detection system was created to protect. Steve Kirkland, USFWS California Condor Recovery Program field coordinator, led me to the flight pen—a chain-link enclosure where captive-bred juveniles acclimate before being released. Perched on top were a dozen meaty black condors, their wings adorned with brightly colored vinyl ID tags. This mix of free-flying adults and juveniles had likely stopped here to warm up in the mid-morning sun before scavenging along the mountains.

A movement caught Kirkland's attention. “That looks like a display,” he said. Atop the pen, No. 328 had opened his wings into a raised M-shape over his hunched head as he waddled from side to side. Then he hopped onto No. 216. “Copulation attempt,” Kirkland said, a touch of pride in his voice. These two are a known pair, and last year they fledged their first chick—one of more than five dozen wild fledglings since the recovery program began. “I started on this program in ‘97, when it was just juveniles,” he said. “It was a long time before they first did that display dance and nesting was successful.”

If all goes to plan, the Southern California flock will eventually grow so large that putting a transmitter on each bird won’t be feasible, or even necessary. When that happens, a more advanced technology—perhaps IdentiFlight, or a nascent cutting-edge system—might be the next step toward protecting this ancient species that once roamed the American West. Condors survived a world that saw woolly mammoths and saber-toothed cats go extinct, just as they’ve survived, against all odds, the myriad threats humans have thrown at them. As they steadily reclaim their historic range, condors will continue to face numerous challenges, but there’s good reason to hope wind turbines won't be among them.

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This story originally ran in the Spring 2018 issue as “Surveil and Protect.” To receive ̽����ѡ magazine in print,