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When lead ammunition first flooded the battlefields during the Crimean and Civil Wars the intended targets were enemy soldiers. But in the century and a half since, the list of casualties has expanded to , , and scavenging birds.

Lead poisoning can result in a cascade of fatal health effects in organisms, ; reproductive problems, delayed brain development, and paralysis are just a few examples. In , wildlife rehabber and Mountaineer ̽»¨¾«Ñ¡ president Katie Fallon gives a terrifying description of the damage on birds when they ingest lead fragments in carrion:

Often, a Bald Eagle with lead poisoning cannot stand. Imagine the huge bird: once powerful, dark-brown wings that measure six feet from tip to tip, matted with green deced from where the eagle has fallen down in its own excrement. Imagine its long, yellow, claw-tipped talons balled into useless fists, its white-feathered head drooping down to its chest, its fierce eyes unable to focus.

Reading this book convinced Jim Minick, a professor at Augusta University in Georgia and longtime birder and hunter, that lead bullets are truly a health hazard. In , published yesterday, Minick discusses how shooting toxic materials into the environment puts him in conflict with conservation ethics:

In many ways, hunters are the staunchest conservationists. We understand deer populations and forest dynamics. We spend time outside observing. We support wildlife conservation through hundreds of millions of dollars in license fees. So why do we poison the very places and animals we love?

The solution, Minick explains, is two-fold. First, legislators have to phase out lead ammunition like they did with leaded paint and leaded fuel. So far, California is the only government to pass a blanket ban on bullets, thanks in part to . The move is particularly beneficial for endangered condors, which have struggled to rebound due to lead shot.

Last February, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issued a ban on lead ammunition and tackle, which threatens loons and other water birds, on all agency-owned lands and waters. A month later, the rule was revoked by new Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke.

But the responsibility doesn’t just lie on politicians shoulders: The sporting industry can respond in kind by producing more , Minick writes. Metals such as copper and tungsten perform just as well in the field (though they are more expensive).

The fact is, lead should be obsolete. It’s been proven deadly time and again, but its impacts still echo from , to Fallon’s wildlife-rehab center in Cheat Lake, West Virginia. In Minick’s words:

In the United States, hunters number over 11 million. We all have a responsibility to protect what we love.

The lead has got to go.