For 70 years, the small brown-and-gray songbirds stashed in a drawer at the Smithsonian were a mystery that no one thought to question. Their labels read , a species native to mountain forests across equatorial South America. But as scientists recently discovered, the birds are actually an entirely unique species.
This species, which is named the Perij谩 Tapaculo, after the mountain range in which it lives, is the newest member of a group of tropical, New World songbirds that forage for insects near the ground. It鈥檚 a perilous practice (鈥渢apaculo鈥 essentially means 鈥渃over your ass鈥 in Spanish) that leaves them vulnerable to predation. A few species sport bright colors and patterns, but the majority are somber in shade鈥攈ence the ambiguity. Of the 50 known species of tapaculos, 10 have been discovered within the last 20 years, thanks to DNA analysis and vocalizations.
鈥淭he recognition of the new tapaculo in the 笔别谤颈箩谩蝉 is welcome and exciting news, but it's not totally unexpected,鈥 says Kenn Kaufman, birding expert and 探花精选 field editor.
The tale of the Perij谩 Tapaculo鈥檚 discovery began in 1941, when ornithologist collected 27 tapaculo specimens in the Andes on the Colombia-Venezuela border. Carriker sent his bounty to the Smithsonian, where they were recorded as White-crowned Tapaculos, and forgotten. Additional specimens from the area were added to the collection from 1951 to 1978, but they too gathered dust, Jose Avenda帽o and colleagues report in .
Tapaculo research stalled during Colombia鈥檚 long-running armed conflict. But as the 21st century came about, scientists began speculating that Carriker鈥檚 specimens were part of a new subspecies or species. Finally, in 2006, Avenda帽o鈥檚 team gained access to the region. They spent three years gathering additional tapaculo specimens from high-elevation forests and paramos of the Serran铆a de Perij谩. They also recorded the and found that they differed from those of the White-crowned Tapaculo.
While examining both new and old specimens, the researchers noticed differences in physical characteristics between the two species. The Perij谩 Tapaculo, for example, lacks a white patch on its crown and has a darker throat. Genetic tests then confirmed that the newly collected specimens were not White-crowned Tapaculos, which live at lower elevations on the mountains. Furthermore, the genomes differed by 8 to 9 percent when compared with three species that were more closely related.
The Perij谩 Tapaculo remains locally common in certain parts of Colombia and Venezuela, the authors write, and likely tolerates some habitat fragmentation. Yet its small range leaves it vulnerable to extinction, as does continued habitat destruction.
In order to protect the newly discovered species and the region鈥檚 other charismatic wildlife, including more than 20 endemic bird species, Avenda帽o recommends the establishment of a new Colombian national park or a network of reserves that links with the Sierra de Perij谩 National Park in Venezuela. 鈥淚n Venezuela the forests are very well preserved,鈥 Avenda帽o says. 鈥淏ut in Colombia very few forests, very few paramos, are left.鈥
That鈥檚 enough motivation to find the next 鈥渘ew鈥 tapaculo, before a fresh layer of dust settles on the specimens.