Climate Change Management Briefs for 525 National Wildlife Refuges

How will climate change affect birds in national wildlife refuges? These scientific briefs by 探花精选 scientists can help refuge managers prepare.
Clark's Nutcracker.

探花精选 scientists created management briefs for 525 refuges managed by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Each brief describes how projected changes in a refuge鈥檚 climate could affect its bird populations. In addition to describing high-level trends, the briefs list whether the refuge鈥檚 climate is stable, worsening, or improving for each current bird species in summer and winter, as well as those species that could potentially colonize or be extirpated from the refuge in both seasons. Finally, each brief includes recommendations for how staff might manage their refuges to prepare birds for the coming changes.

Learn about changes across the National Wildlife Refuge System in the overview brief:

Learn about how this study was conducted in the methodology brief:

State

 

Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge 

Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge

Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge 

Eufaula National Wildlife Refuge

Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge

Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge 

Key Cave National Wildlife Refuge

Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge

Sauta Cave National Wildlife Refuge

Watercress Darter National Wildlife Refuge

Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge

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Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge

Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Becharof National Wildlife Refuge

Innoko National Wildlife Refuge

Izembek National Wildlife Refuge

Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge

Kenai National Wildlife Refuge

Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge

Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge

Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge

Selawik National Wildlife Refuge

Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge

Togiak National Wildlife Refuge

Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge

Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge

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Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge

Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge

Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge

Cibola National Wildlife Refuge

Gila River Waterfowl Management Area

Havasu National Wildlife Refuge

Imperial National Wildlife Refuge

Kofa National Wildlife Refuge

Leslie Canyon National Wildlife Refuge

San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge

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Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge

Big Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Cache River National Wildlife Refuge

Dale Bumpers White River National Wildlife Refuge

Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge

Holla Bend National Wildlife Refuge

Logan Cave National Wildlife Refuge

Overflow National Wildlife Refuge

Pond Creek National Wildlife Refuge

Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge

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Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge

Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge

Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge

Butte Sink Wildlife Management Area

Clear Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge 

Colusa National Wildlife Refuge

Delevan National Wildlife Refuge

Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Ellicott Slough National Wildlife Refuge

Grasslands Wildlife Management Area

Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge

Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge

Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Kern National Wildlife Refuge

Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge

Marin Islands National Wildlife Refuge

Merced National Wildlife Refuge

Modoc National Wildlife Refuge

North Central Valley Wildlife Management Area

Pixley National Wildlife Refuge

Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge

Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge

Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge

San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge 

San Diego National Wildlife Refuge 

San Joaquin River National Wildlife Refuge

San Luis National Wildlife Refuge

San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge 

Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge 

Stone Lakes National Wildlife Refuge

Sutter National Wildlife Refuge

Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge 

Tulare Basin Wildlife Management Area

Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Willow Creek-Lurline Wildlife Management Area

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Alamosa National Wildlife Refuge

Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge

Baca National Wildlife Refuge

Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge

Colorado River Wildlife Management Area

Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge

Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge

Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge

Sangre De Cristo Conservation Area

Two Ponds National Wildlife Refuge

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Stewart B. Mckinney National Wildlife Refuge

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Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge

Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge

Supawna Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

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Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge

Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge

Caloosahatchee National Wildlife Refuge

Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge

Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge

Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge

Egmont Key National Wildlife Refuge

Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge and Conservation Area

Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge

Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge

Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge

Island Bay National Wildlife Refuge

J. N. Ding Darling National Wildlife Refuge

Key West National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge

Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge

Matlacha Pass National Wildlife Refuge

Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge

National Key Deer Refuge

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge

Pine Island National Wildlife Refuge

Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge

St. Johns National Wildlife Refuge

St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge

St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge

Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge

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Banks Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Blackbeard Island National Wildlife Refuge

Bond Swamp National Wildlife Refuge

Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge

Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge

Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge

Savannah National Wildlife Refuge

Tybee National Wildlife Refuge

Wassaw National Wildlife Refuge

Wolf Island National Wildlife Refuge

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Bear Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Camas National Wildlife Refuge

Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge

Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Kootenai National Wildlife Refuge

Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge

Oxford Slough Waterfowl Production Area

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Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge

Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge

Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge

Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge

Great River National Wildlife Refuge

Hackmatack National Wildlife Refuge

Kankakee National Wildlife Refuge and Conservation Area

Meredosia National Wildlife Refuge

Two Rivers National Wildlife Refuge

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Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge

Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge

Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge

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Desoto National Wildlife Refuge 

Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge

Iowa Wetland Management District 

Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge 

Port Louisa National Wildlife Refuge

Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge

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Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge

Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge

Marais Des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge

Quivira National Wildlife Refuge

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Clarks River National Wildlife Refuge

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Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge

Bayou Cocodrie National Wildlife Refuge

Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge

Bayou Teche National Wildlife Refuge

Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge

Black Bayou Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge

Breton National Wildlife Refuge

Cameron Prairie National Wildlife Refuge

Cat Island National Wildlife Refuge

Catahoula National Wildlife Refuge

D鈥橝rbonne National Wildlife Refuge

Delta National Wildlife Refuge

Grand Cote National Wildlife Refuge

Handy Brake National Wildlife Refuge

Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Ophelia National Wildlife Refuge

Mandalay National Wildlife Refuge

Red River National Wildlife Refuge

Sabine National Wildlife Refuge

St. Catherine Creek National Wildlife Refuge

Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge

Upper Ouachita National Wildlife Refuge

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Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge

Carlton Pond Waterfowl Production Area

Cross Island National Wildlife Refuge

Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge

Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge

Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge

Sunkhaze Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge

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Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge

Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge

Martin National Wildlife Refuge

Patuxent Research Refuge

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Assabet River National Wildlife Refuge

Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

Mashpee National Wildlife Refuge

Massasoit National Wildlife Refuge

Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge

Nomans Land Island National Wildlife Refuge

Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge

Parker River National Wildlife Refuge

Thacher Island National Wildlife Refuge

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Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge

Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Harbor Island National Wildlife Refuge

Huron National Wildlife Refuge

Kirtlands Warbler Wildlife Management Area

Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge

Michigan Wetland Management District

Seney National Wildlife Refuge

Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge

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Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge

Big Stone National Wildlife Refuge

Big Stone Wetland Management District

Crane Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

Detroit Lakes Wetland Management District

Fergus Falls Wetland Management District

Glacial Ridge National Wildlife Refuge

Hamden Slough National Wildlife Refuge

Litchfield Wetland Management District

Mille Lacs National Wildlife Refuge

Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge

Minnesota Valley Wetland Management District

Morris Wetland Management District

Northern Tallgrass Prairie National Wildlife Refuge

Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Rydell National Wildlife Refuge

Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge

Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge

Tamarac Wetland Management District

Windom Wetland Management District

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Coldwater River National Wildlife Refuge

Dahomey National Wildlife Refuge

Hillside National Wildlife Refuge

Holt Collier National Wildlife Refuge

Mathews Brake National Wildlife Refuge

Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge

Morgan Brake National Wildlife Refuge

Panther Swamp National Wildlife Refuge

Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge

Tallahatchie National Wildlife Refuge

Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge

Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge

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Clarence Cannon National Wildlife Refuge

Middle Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge

Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge

Loess Bluffs National Wildlife Refuge

Mingo National Wildlife Refuge

Ozark Cavefish National Wildlife Refuge

Pilot Knob National Wildlife Refuge

Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge

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Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Benton Lake Wetland Management District

Black Coulee National Wildlife Refuge

Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge

Bowdoin Wetland Management District

Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge

Charles M. Russell Wetland Management District

Creedman Coulee National Wildlife Refuge

Grass Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Hailstone National Wildlife Refuge

Hewitt Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Mason National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Thibadeau National Wildlife Refuge

Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge

Lost Trail National Wildlife Refuge

Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge

National Bison Range

Nine-Pipe National Wildlife Refuge

Northeast Montana Wetland Management District

Northeast Wetland Management District

Northwest Montana Wetland Management District

Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge

Swan River National Wildlife Refuge

Ul Bend National Wildlife Refuge

War Horse National Wildlife Refuge

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Boyer Chute National Wildlife Refuge

Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge

John W. and Louise Seier National Wildlife Refuge

North Platte National Wildlife Refuge

Rainwater Basin Wetland Management District

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge

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Anaho Island National Wildlife Refuge

Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

Desert National Wildlife Range

Fallon National Wildlife Refuge

Moapa Valley National Wildlife Refuge

Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge

Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge

Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge

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Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge

John Hay National Wildlife Refuge

Wapack National Wildlife Refuge

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Cape May National Wildlife Refuge

Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge

Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge

Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge

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Grulla National Wildlife Refuge

Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge

Las Vegas National Wildlife Refuge

Maxwell National Wildlife Refuge

San Andres National Wildlife Refuge

Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge

Valle De Oro National Wildlife Refuge

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Amagansett National Wildlife Refuge

Conscience Point National Wildlife Refuge

Elizabeth Alexandra Morton National Wildlife Refuge

Great Thicket National Wildlife Refuge

Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge

Lido Beach Wildlife Management Area

Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge

Oyster Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge

Shawangunk Grasslands National Wildlife Refuge

Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge

Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge

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Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge

Cedar Island National Wildlife Refuge

Currituck National Wildlife Refuge

Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge

Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge

Mountain Bogs National Wildlife Refuge

Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge

Pee Dee National Wildlife Refuge

Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge

Roanoke River National Wildlife Refuge

Swanquarter National Wildlife Refuge

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Ardoch National Wildlife Refuge

Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge

Arrowwood Wetland Management District

探花精选 National Wildlife Refuge

探花精选 Wetland Management District

Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Chase Lake Prairie Project Wetland Management District

Crosby Wetland Management District

Des Lacs National Wildlife Refuge

Devils Lake Wetland Management District

Florence Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Hobart Lake National Wildlife Refuge

J Clark Salyer Wetland Management District

J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge

Johnson Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Kellys Slough National Wildlife Refuge

Kulm Wetland Management District

Lake Alice National Wildlife Refuge

Lake George National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Ilo National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Nettie National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Zahl National Wildlife Refuge

Little Goose National Wildlife Refuge

Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Long Lake Wetland Management District

Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge

Lostwood Wetland Management District

Mclean National Wildlife Refuge

Pierce County Waterfowl Production Area

Rock Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Shell Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Slade National Wildlife Refuge

Stewart Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Storm Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Stump Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Sullys Hill National Game Preserve

Sunburst Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Tewaukon National Wildlife Refuge

Tewaukon Wetland Management District

Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge

Valley City Wetland Management District

White Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Willow Lake National Wildlife Refuge

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Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge

Cedar Point National Wildlife Refuge

Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge

West Sister Island National Wildlife Refuge

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Deep Fork National Wildlife Refuge

Little River National Wildlife Refuge

Optima National Wildlife Refuge

Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge

Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge

Sequoyah National Wildlife Refuge

Tishomingo National Wildlife Refuge

Washita National Wildlife Refuge

Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge

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Ankeny National Wildlife Refuge

Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge

Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge

Bear Valley National Wildlife Refuge 

Cape Meares National Wildlife Refuge

Cold Springs National Wildlife Refuge

Franz Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge

Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer

Klamath Marsh National Wildlife Refuge 

Lewis and Clark National Wildlife Refuge

Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Mckay Creek National Wildlife Refuge

Nestucca Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge

Pierce National Wildlife Refuge

Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge

Siletz Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Steigerwald Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge

Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge

Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge

Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge 

Wapato Lake National Wildlife Refuge

William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge

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Cherry Valley National Wildlife Refuge

Erie National Wildlife Refuge

John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge at Tinicum

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Block Island National Wildlife Refuge

John H. Chafee National Wildlife Refuge

Ninigret National Wildlife Refuge

Sachuest Point National Wildlife Refuge

Trustom Pond National Wildlife Refuge

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Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge

Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge

Ernest F. Hollings Ace Basin National Wildlife Refuge

Pinckney Island National Wildlife Refuge

Santee National Wildlife Refuge

Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge

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Bear Butte National Wildlife Refuge

Huron Wetland Management District

Karl E. Mundt National Wildlife Refuge

Lacreek National Wildlife Refuge

Lacreek Wetland Management District

Lake Andes National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Andes Wetland Management District

Madison Wetland Management District

Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Sand Lake Wetland Management District

Waubay National Wildlife Refuge

Waubay Wetland Management District

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Chickasaw National Wildlife Refuge

Cross Creeks National Wildlife Refuge

Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge

Lake Isom National Wildlife Refuge

Lower Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge

Reelfoot National Wildlife Refuge

Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge

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Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge

Aransas National Wildlife Refuge

Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge

Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge

Big Boggy National Wildlife Refuge

Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge

Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Caddo Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge

Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge

Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge

Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge

Mcfaddin National Wildlife Refuge

Moody National Wildlife Refuge

Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge

Neches River National Wildlife Refuge

San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge

Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge

Texas Point National Wildlife Refuge

Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge

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Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge

Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge

Ouray National Wildlife Refuge

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Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge

Silvio O. Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge

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Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge

Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge

Featherstone National Wildlife Refuge

Fisherman Island National Wildlife Refuge

Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge

James River National Wildlife Refuge

Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge

Nansemond National Wildlife Refuge

Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Plum Tree Island National Wildlife Refuge

Presquile National Wildlife Refuge

Rappahannock River Valley National Wildlife Refuge

Wallops Island National Wildlife Refuge

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Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge

Black River Unit of Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge

Columbia National Wildlife Refuge

Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Copalis National Wildlife Refuge

Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge

Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge

Grays Harbor National Wildlife Refuge

Hanford Reach National Monument

Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge

Mcnary National Wildlife Refuge

Protection Island National Wildlife Refuge

Quillayute Needles National Wildlife Refuge

San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge

Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge

Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge

Willapa National Wildlife Refuge

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Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge

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Fox River National Wildlife Refuge

Gravel Island National Wildlife Refuge

Horicon National Wildlife Refuge

Leopold Wetland Management District

Necedah National Wildlife Refuge

St. Croix Wetland Management District

Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge

Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge

Whittlesey Creek National Wildlife Refuge

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Bamforth National Wildlife Refuge

Cokeville Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

Hutton Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge

National Elk Refuge

Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge

Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge

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